how to make authentic turkish tea: a step-by-step guide

Imagine sitting in a bustling Turkish café, the aroma of freshly brewed tea wafting through the air, sparking conversations and connections. Turkish tea is more than just a beverage; it’s an integral part of Turkey’s rich cultural fabric. In this guide, we’ll explore how to make authentic Turkish tea, revealing the unique techniques and traditions that make it special. Learn everything from choosing the right ingredients to the art of serving, ensuring you can enjoy this delightful experience, no matter where you are.

How do you make traditional Turkish tea?

Making traditional Turkish tea is both an art and a cultural ritual. You can enjoy the unique flavours and charming essence of this tea by following a few precise steps. Allow me to guide you through the process with the help of a straightforward table that lays out everything you’ll need. The table will help you understand the key ingredients, essential equipment, and the brewing steps to brew this delightful beverage.

Ingredients, Equipment, and Brewing Steps for Making Turkish Tea

To help you grasp the process better, here’s a comprehensive table. The first column lists the ingredients, the second column names the necessary equipment, and the third column details each brewing step. Refer to this table to ensure you get each part of the process just right.

What are the key steps to follow when brewing?

Brewing Turkish tea correctly involves paying attention to details. Let’s break down the process into key steps to ensure you prepare a perfectly steeped, aromatic tea every time.

• Fill the lower teapot with water and bring it to a boil.
• Place 2-3 tablespoons of loose black tea leaves in the upper pot.
• Pour a small amount of boiling water over the tea leaves to saturate them.
• Allow the upper pot to steep for about 15-20 minutes on low heat.
• Pour tea concentrate into the tea glass until it’s filled one third or up to half.
• Add hot water from the lower pot to reach the desired tea strength.
• Optional: Add sugar to taste or garnish with mint leaves or lemon.

For the perfect experience, use filtered water to avoid any unwanted flavours. Also, using a double teapot, known as “çaydanlık”, helps maintain the correct temperatures in both the top and bottom sections, resulting in a better brew.

Are there any tips for making the best Turkish tea?

Achieving the best Turkish tea isn’t just about following steps; it’s also about understanding the nuances and tricks.

• Use quality loose tea leaves for a richer flavour.
• Allow the tea to steep for the full time to avoid a weak taste.
• Taste and adjust the tea-to-water ratio as per your preference.
• Invest in good quality equipment, especially a çaydanlık for an authentic experience.
• Unless you prefer very sweet tea, add sugar in moderation to appreciate the tea’s full flavour.

Turkish tea is typically enjoyed with small tea glasses called “ince belli bardak”. These glasses not only help cool the tea quickly but also keep the tradition intact. Serving with a smile adds warmth to the ritual.

Centuries ago, tea was not as widespread in Turkey. It was only after World War I and subsequent events, such as the economic hardships of the 1920s, that tea started to replace coffee due to its affordability.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, encouraged tea drinking to promote local products and reduce import dependency. Over time, Turkish tea became a beloved national treasure. Today, it is more than just a beverage; it is a symbol of hospitality, friendship, and Turkish culture.

What ingredients do you need for Turkish tea?

Alright, buddy. You want to dive into the aromatic world of Turkish tea? Fantastic choice. Not only does it pack a punch in the flavour department, but it’s also a great way to impress your mates with your newfound cultural knowledge. Let’s get straight into it. Turkish tea isn’t just a drink, it’s an experience, a ritual.

To nail this, you’ll need:

• Loose-leaf black tea: Quality matters. Go big or go home.
• Water: Not your garden-variety tap water. We’re talking pure, filtered H2O.
• Sweeteners: Totally up to you. For the purists, sugar cubes are the way to go.
• Traditional spices: Occasionally, the Turks spruce it up with some aromatic spices.

Unlike your average cuppa, Turkish tea requires a bit more effort and a lot more love. Trust me, the outcome is worth every minute spent.

What type of black tea is best for Turkish tea?

You’re probably wondering what’s so special about the black tea used in Turkish tea. The answer is simple: quality and blend.

• Rize Tea: This is the gold standard. It hails from Rize, a lush region on the eastern Karadeniz (Black Sea) coast. Think robust and pungent.
• Çaykur: A brand synonymous with Turkish tea, known for its consistency and rich flavour.
• Doğuş and Lipton: Alternatives, if you’re looking to switch things up.

In essence, you want a bold, full-bodied tea that doesn’t shy away from making a statement.

Let’s be honest, the right tea blend can elevate your tea-drinking experience from meh to marvellous.

How does water quality affect the taste?

Now, let’s chat about water. You might not realise it, but the type of water you use is a game-changer in the tea-making process.

• Filtered water: This gets rid of any impurities that could mess with the flavour.
• Bottled mineral water: If you’re feeling fancy, this can upgrade your tea experience even further.
• Tap water: Only if it’s your last resort, mate. Chlorine and other chemicals can wreak havoc on the taste.

Water quality can make or break your tea. Good water equals good tea—no rocket science there.

What optional ingredients can enhance the flavour?

Finally, the extras. Adding a bit of flair can turn your Turkish tea into something extraordinary.

• Sugar cubes: The classic choice. Dissolve slowly for a mild sweetness.
• Lemon slices: Add a tangy twist.
• Cinnamon sticks: Warm and aromatic, perfect for winter evenings.
• Cloves or cardamom: A pinch, and you’re transported to a Turkish bazaar with every sip.
• Mint leaves: For those who prefer a fresh, cool undertone.

Experiment to discover your favourite twist on the traditional brew. It’s like jazzing up an old song—you’re maintaining the essence while adding your spin.

Years ago, in the bustling streets of Istanbul, people went to great lengths to get their tea fix. During the days of the Ottoman Empire, tradesmen would carry samovars through the streets, delivering fresh tea to the masses.

Imagine the dedication! Today, those traditions echo in every cup we brew. So next time you sit down with a steaming glass of Turkish tea, remember you’re not just drinking tea—you’re partaking in a slice of history.

What equipment is essential for making Turkish tea?

Ah, Turkish tea—the nectar of the gods in the land of kebabs and vast bazaars! Making Turkish tea isn’t just about tossing leaves into hot water and hoping for the best. Nope, it’s an art, a ritual, and demands specific gear. So, let’s suit up and dive into what you need to make the perfect cup.

First off, you need an ibrik or cezve. These aren’t just fancy words to impress your friends; they’re small, long-handled pots traditionally used in Turkey. Then we have the teapot, essential in any tea-making setting. Turkish tea teapots are special because they come in a double-decker form—sort of like a tea transformer, if you will.

Next, you’ll need some tulip-shaped tea glasses. Regular old mugs just won’t cut it. These glasses do more than just look pretty; they cool the tea just enough to save your tongue from a fiery demise. Lastly, a tea strainer and a teaspoon are your sidekicks in this whole operation.

What is the role of the ibrik in brewing?

The ibrik or cezve isn’t just a glorified coffee pot. It plays a crucial role in preparing your tea. Think of it as the first line of defence in flavour extraction. You fill this little bad boy with cold water and bring it to a boil, allowing the tea leaves to release their flavours in a precise, controlled manner.

• Water Heating: You need it to boil water. Shocker, right?
• Precision: The long handle lets you pour water precisely.
• Size: Its small size means you’re not making tea for an army.
• Material: Usually made of copper, which conducts heat efficiently.
• Historical Significance: This pot has been used for centuries in Turkish kitchens.

In essence, the ibrik is the foundation of your tea-making endeavour. Without it, you’re just a hobbyist with steeping aspirations.

Are there alternative methods to brew Turkish tea?

So, are there other ways to make Turkish tea? Absolutely! The universe is vast, and not everyone owns an ibrik. Here are some alternatives, though they might not win you any traditionalist points.

• Electric Kettles: Speedy but sacrifices some of the ritualistic charm.
• Single Teapot: Not as fancy as the double-decker but functional.
• French Press: Yeah, it’s blasphemy, but desperate times call for desperate measures.
• Moka Pot: An espresso in disguise, it serves in a pinch.
• Microwave: We don’t talk about this. Ever.

While the alternatives can get the job done, purists would argue that they lack the authenticity. You won’t be transported to a Turkish café with these methods.

How important is the size of the teapot?

Now, you might be wondering if teapot size really matters. The short answer is, absolutely. You don’t want a teapot that looks like it missed leg day at the gym. You need one that’s proportional to how many cups you plan to serve.

• Capacity: An appropriate size ensures you can serve multiple people.
• Balance: Too big or too small, and the flavour balance is off.
• Heat Distribution: A well-sized pot ensures even heat distribution.
• Aesthetic: Size influences the traditional look and appeal.
• Cleaning: Easier to clean if it’s not oversized.

Getting the right size makes sure your tea isn’t too weak or too strong—Goldilocks would approve.

In the grand theatre of history, Turkish tea has played a starring role. Picture this: the Ottoman Empire at its height, sultans lounging back in grand palaces. Tea wasn’t just a drink; it was a symbol of hospitality.

In those days, an impeccably made cup of tea could make or break alliances. Over time, the practice has trickled down to the streets and homes, becoming an essential part of Turkish culture.

So when you make your cup, remember you’re not just steeping; you’re re-enacting centuries of tradition. Now go on, brew your perfect cup and enjoy!

How long should you brew Turkish tea?

When it comes to nailing Turkish tea, timing is everything. This isn’t your average “dunk-and-run” tea bag situation. We’re talking about a delicate dance of time and flavour. So, put on your patient hat and let’s get brewing.

You see, Turkish tea is all about deep, rich flavours. Brew it too little, and you’re left with a disappointing cup of hot water pretending to be tea. Overdo it, and it’s a bitter mess that makes your face scrunch up.

The magic number for Turkish tea is between 10 to 15 minutes. All this brewing time ensures that the tea leaves release just the right amount of tannins, creating a bold yet velvet-smooth beverage.

What is the ideal brewing time for Turkish tea?

Think of brewing Turkish tea like a first date—too short, and you don’t get to know each other; too long, and it gets awkward. The sweet spot is around 10 to 15 minutes.

• Patience is key: Let the tea leaves dance in the boiling water, flirting with the heat to release the perfect flavour.
• Use of a two-tiered teapot: This allows the tea to grow stronger as it sits in the top pot, while the water in the bottom pot keeps it nice and hot.
• Mix and match: You’ll need to blend the strong tea from the upper pot with hot water from the lower pot, creating a perfect balance for your taste buds.
• Taste test: A good way to check is to taste a spoonful—rich, not too bitter, just how you would want it.
• Consistency: Every time you brew, aim for this duration to keep the flavour consistent.

Brewing Turkish tea for the right amount of time ensures your tea is neither too weak nor too strong, which is critical for that authentic taste.

How does brewing time alter the taste?

Brew it short, and let’s face it, you’re drinking something more like lightly flavoured water. Leave it too long, and you’re venturing into bitterness city. The essence of Turkish tea lies in the tannins that get released during brewing.

• Shorter brewing (less than 10 minutes):
  • The flavour is too light. It’s like missing the point of tea-making altogether.
  • Little tannin release, resulting in a mild, almost non-existent taste.
  • Good if you like tea that’s too shy to show its true colours.
• Optimal brewing (10 to 15 minutes):
  • Tannins are fully released, offering a robust yet smooth flavour that is distinctly Turkish.
  • The aroma and taste become rich and inviting, making you want to pour a second cup.
  • Ideal balance of strength and smoothness, creating an authentic experience.
• Longer brewing (over 15 minutes):
• The tea becomes bitter and astringent, making it a challenge to drink.
• Over-release of tannins leads to an overpowering, unpleasant flavour.
• Definitely not what you want for a relaxing tea session.

Time truly shapes the character of your Turkish tea, transforming it from bland to balanced to bitter.

What should you do if the tea is too strong or weak?

Picture this: you’ve brewed your tea, took a sip, and it’s either too strong and makes you cringe, or too weak and makes you wonder if you’re drinking flavoured water. Don’t worry, there’s a fix for that.

• Too strong:
  • Add more hot water from the bottom pot to dilute it.
  • Stir well to mix the strength evenly.
  • Use a lighter hand with the tea leaves next time.
  • Consider brewing for a shorter duration next time.
• Too weak:
  • Let it brew for a few more minutes.
  • Use stronger tea-to-water ratio next time.
  • Remember, the blend from the top pot should be stronger, mix it with less hot water.
  • Ensure you are using fresh, quality tea leaves for that robust flavour.

A quick tweak can save your brew and bring it back to that perfect Turkish tea experience you crave.

In the history of Turkish tea, there’s a tale that takes us back to the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent was known for his love of fine teas. Legend has it, he had his personal tea master who would ensure the tea was brewed to perfection before every imperial council meeting.

This wasn’t just about tea; it was a ritual to ensure clear minds and a focused discussion. The tea master, with great precision, would brew the tea between 10 to 15 minutes, ensuring rich flavour and aroma that could fill the grand halls of Topkapi Palace.

So, when you’re brewing your cup of Turkish tea, remember you’re partaking in a historical tradition that dates back to the magnificent days of the Ottomans. Happy brewing!

What is the cultural significance of Turkish tea?

Turkish tea isn’t just a drink; it’s a way of life. Imagine a land where people bond not over coffee breaks but tea breaks. Tea is the lifeblood of social interactions in Turkey, symbolising warmth and connection. Whether it’s catching up with a friend, sealing a business deal, or simply getting through the day, you bet a glass of Turkish tea is never too far away.

In various nooks and crannies of Turkey, you’ll find people brewing tea in samovars, boiling it to perfection, and pouring it into tulip-shaped glasses. It’s more about the experience than just the drink itself – the ambiance, the company, and the shared camaraderie.

Why is tea considered a symbol of hospitality in Turkey?

Picture this: you walk into a Turkish home, and before you even settle down, an aromatic, steaming cup of tea is placed in your hand. That’s Turkish hospitality for you – friendly, generous, and always welcoming.

• First Impressions Matter: Offering tea is an immediate gesture to show you’re welcome and cared for.
• Breaking the Ice: Helps strangers become friends; it’s a conversational lubricant.
• Always Available: Tea is brewed constantly in Turkish homes, always ready for guests or unexpected visitors.
• Sign of Respect: Offering tea, sometimes even before water, shows respect and honour to the guest.

Tea is to Turkey what a hug is to a loved one. It’s a way of saying hello, it’s a way of saying you’re important.

What occasions typically involve serving Turkish tea?

In Turkey, life revolves around tea – as surely as the Earth revolves around the sun. Here are some occasions where Turkish tea makes its appearance:

• Social Gatherings: Whether it’s a celebration or a casual meetup, tea is a must.
• Business Meetings: Deals and discussions feel incomplete without it.
• Family Time: Perfect bonding over tea, especially after meals.
• Neighbourhood Gossip: Fostering community relationships, one glass at a time.
• Daily Rituals: Morning, noon, and night – tea flows freely through the day.

Turkish tea is the unsung hero in celebrations, negotiations, and everyday life, binding people together through its comforting presence.

How is Turkish tea consumed differently than in other cultures?

Turkish tea is a whole different ball game compared to how other cultures drink their tea. Forget the fancy teapots and porcelain cups; Turkey keeps it real and unique.

• Double Teapot (Çaydanlık): A two-tiered teapot is used, where the top steeps tea leaves while the bottom boils water.
• Strong and Dark: Typically brewed strong, with a rich, dark hue.
• Sugar, Not Milk: Served in small glasses (not mugs), it’s sweetened with sugar cubes, never with milk.
• Tulip-Shaped Glasses: Served piping hot in delicate, see-through tulip-shaped glasses.
• Stirred to Perfection: It’s common to stir tea with sugar cubes until they almost disappear, giving a perfect sweetness.

With its unique preparation and serving style, Turkish tea holds a distinct place in the world of tea traditions – a blend of strength, flavour, and elegance.

During the Ottoman Empire, tea started gaining momentum as a popular drink. There’s a fascinating story about Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in the late 19th century, was keen on making tea a staple beverage in Turkey to reduce reliance on coffee imports.

He ordered tea seeds to be planted in northeastern Turkey, particularly in Rize, a region now renowned for its tea cultivation. Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s foresight and efforts culminated in shaping Turkey’s tea culture, giving you and me those delightful little tulip glasses full of hospitality today.

How do you serve Turkish tea?

When it comes to serving Turkish tea, the ceremony is as important as the brew itself. It’s not just about pouring a liquid into a cup; it’s about a warm, communal experience full of tradition and charm. Turks take their tea seriously, and boy, do they know how to serve it right. Let’s break it down.

First off, the tea is typically served hot—scalding hot, even. None of that lukewarm nonsense you might get elsewhere. It’s also almost always in a small, tulip-shaped glass that not only looks elegant but also keeps your hands from burning while the tea remains piping hot. You’ll often see tea served on a small saucer with an optional spoon and some sugar cubes, but we’ll get more into that sugary dilemma in a bit.

Serving Turkish tea usually involves pouring the strong tea concentrate from a teapot called a “çaydanlık” and then diluting it with hot water to the drinker’s preference. Sounds simple, right? But don’t be fooled; there’s an art to achieving that perfect balance between strong and mild. And let’s not forget the role of sugar—it’s always an option but never pre-mixed into the tea. This way, guests can sweeten their tea to their liking, turning each sip into a personalised experience.

What type of cups are traditionally used for serving?

Forget your standard, boring mugs. When it comes to Turkish tea, presentation reigns supreme. The tea is served in delicate, tulip-shaped glasses known as “ince belli.”

• Tulip-Shaped Glasses: Designed to showcase the tea’s rich amber hue.
• Size Matters: Small enough to enjoy the tea hot and fresh but large enough for a few satisfying sips.
• Thin Rim: Designed for a better drinking experience, as the thinner rim makes sipping more enjoyable.
• Small Saucers: Always paired with a small saucer which is handy for holding sugar cubes.
• Elegance: Adds an extra touch of sophistication to the whole affair.

This specific type of glass not only makes the tea look appealing but also offers a more sensory experience. Seeing the tea’s rich colour and feeling the warmth through the glass enhances the pleasure.

How is sugar typically added to Turkish tea?

Sugar, oh sugar. Turks have a thing for getting it just right. Turkish tea always comes unsweetened, leaving it up to the drinker to personalise their cup.

• Sugar Cubes: Provided on the side, allowing you to add sugar without forcing it upon you.
• Granulated Sugar: Sometimes available, but cubes are more traditional.
• Optional: Some locals prefer no sugar at all to enjoy the pure taste of the tea.
• Spoon-Stirring: A tiny spoon is often provided for stirring the sugar until it dissolves.
• “Tatli kaşık”: A teaspoon with a longer handle found in some regions, especially in Eastern Turkey.

By giving sugar options, the host ensures that everyone gets their tea just the way they like it, whether it’s sweet as honey or bold and plain.

What is the proper way to present Turkish tea to guests?

Presentation is key, especially in a culture where hospitality is a big deal. Here’s how you’ll want to present that perfect glass of Turkish tea.

• Respect the Hierarchy: Serve older guests or those of higher status first.
• Use a Tray: Serve multiple glasses on a traditional serving tray to add a touch of elegance.
• Accompanying Saucers: Always present with a matching saucer and a small spoon for stirring.
• Offer Sugar Options: Provide sugar cubes or a sugar bowl within easy reach.
• Eye Contact: Make eye contact and offer pleasantries while serving to make guests feel valued.
• Regular Refills: Be prepared to offer refills, as one glass is never enough.

Proper presentation isn’t just about aesthetics; it’s a way to show respect and care. It’s about making guests feel cherished and at home.

Back in the 19th century, Sultan Abdul Hamid II was said to be very precise about his tea presentation. He would often invite diplomats for tea and ensure that every detail, from the tulip-shaped glass to the placement of sugar cubes, was perfect. This wasn’t just about hospitality; it was a display of the Ottoman Empire’s refined culture and tradition, much like the art of serving Turkish tea today.

What are some common mistakes to avoid when making Turkish tea?

Turkish tea is an art, a dance of flavours and scents. But, like any art form, it’s easy to slip up. Here we dive into the common blunders that can stand between you and the perfect cup of Turkish tea.

First up on the hit list, over-brewing. Letting the tea steep for too long can turn a delightful experience into a bitter one, quite literally. Think of it like sunbathing – a little bit gives you a nice tan, but overdo it, and you’re a lobster.

Next, using the wrong tea type. Turkish tea isn’t just any tea you snag off the discount shelf. It’s like trying to paint with a spoon when you need a brush. Quality matters.

Then we have the improper equipment issue. Look, you wouldn’t fix your car with a toothbrush, right? Using the correct tea set, particularly the iconic dual tea pot, is crucial. This apparatus allows for the perfect blend of concentrated tea and boiling water.

And finally, cultural practices. It’s not just about pouring hot water over leaves; it’s about tradition, connection, and a touch of ceremony. Ignoring these can make the difference between tea and an experience.

What are the consequences of over-brewing?

Over-brewing tea is the culinary equivalent of hitting the snooze button one too many times – nothing good comes of it.

• Bitterness overload: No one likes a bitter cup. Over-brewing lets too many tannins release, making your tea unpleasantly astringent.
• Ruined flavours: It kills the subtle notes and aromas that make Turkish tea special.
• Potential health hiccups: Excess tannins can cause digestive issues and mess with iron absorption. Who knew tea could be such a rebel?
• Tea fatigue: You expend good-quality tea leaves only to end up with a brew that could double as paint stripper.

In short, treat your tea like the diva it is. Keep the steeping time under control, and savour every nuanced sip.

Why is the choice of tea important?

Think of the tea leaves like the cast of your favourite show – the wrong actors, and it’s a disaster!

• Quality equals taste: Premium tea leaves deliver superior flavours.
• Proper blend: Turkish tea typically uses a particular blend for that unique taste.
• Consistency: Reliable brands ensure you get that top-notch quality every time.
• Aroma: High-grade tea leaves carry a smell that pleases the senses long before the first sip.
• No nasties: Good tea is free from unwanted additives or stale leaves.

Choosing the right tea makes the difference between a harmonious medley of flavours and the liquid equivalent of a bad budget flick.

How can cultural practices enhance the tea experience?

It’s not just a beverage; Turkish tea is almost a mini-event. Skipping cultural practices? You’d be missing out on half the fun.

• Social interaction: Tea is a chance to connect. The ritual encourages conversation and community.
• Presentation: The traditional glasses, tea-pots, and serving manner bring an aesthetic that elevates the experience.
• Pace of life: Enjoying tea the Turkish way reminds us to slow down, sip, and savour.
• Customs and traditions: Knowing the story behind the custom gives a fuller appreciation.
• Symbolism: Sharing tea can convey hospitality, respect, and friendship – key Turkish values.

Practices make the difference between merely drinking tea and experiencing a slice of Turkish culture.

Now, let’s wrap it up with a tale. Picture this: In 1453, when Mehmed the Conqueror took Constantinople, he didn’t just focus on victory; he upheld a tradition of hosting diplomats with tea. Not just any hurried brew; it was meticulously prepared, underscoring hospitality and diplomacy. This ritual not only soothed allies and foes alike but also marked tea as a symbol of Turkish identity – a small flourish amid grand conquests.

Conclusion

As we’ve explored the intricate world of Turkish tea, it’s clear that this cherished beverage is more than just a drink; it’s a rich tapestry woven from tradition, flavour, and social significance. We began by delving into what makes Turkish tea unique, from its robust flavour profile to the specific types of black tea used.

The steps involved in brewing it, highlighted in our table, reveal the careful attention required to achieve that perfect cup, highlighting the importance of both ingredients and equipment in the process.

Understanding the cultural significance of Turkish tea has broadened my appreciation for its place in hospitality and social gatherings. It is fascinating how every cup served carries with it a sense of welcome and camaraderie, distinguishing it from tea practices in other cultures. With careful consideration to brewing times and methods, one can avoid common mistakes that may detract from the experience, ensuring that each sip reflects the care and tradition behind it.

Looking ahead, I invite you to explore the nuances of Turkish tea further. Whether you’re perfecting your technique or hosting a gathering, consider how you might adapt these traditions to fit your own personal style. What will be your unique touch to this timeless ritual?

In the words of the Turkish proverb, “A cup of tea shared with a friend is happiness tasted and time well spent.” As you embark on your journey to make authentic Turkish tea, may this sentiment resonate, reminding you that each pot brewed is an opportunity to connect, share, and savour life’s simple pleasures.

Resources

• Effects of natural spring water on the sensory attributes and quality of tea infusions
• Effect of the type of brewing water on the chemical and sensory quality of tea
• The Impact of Water Quality on Taste Profile of Made Tea in Sri Lanka
• Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Black Tea
• Effect of Brewing Method on Quality Parameters and Antioxidant Capacity of Black Tea
• Turkish tea culture and its products
• Flavor Characteristics of Seven Grades of Black Tea Produced in Turkey